Biological Membranes and Membrane Transport Mechanisms. Biological membranes are the structures that define and. All membranes exist as dynamic structures whose composition changes throughout the life of a cell. In. addition to the outer membrane that results in the formation of a typical cell (this membrane is often referred to as the plasma membrane), cells contain. The nucleus and the mitochondria represent unique membrane enclosed organelles given that both are composed of two lipid bilayers. The nuclear membrane is most often referred to as the nucleolemma and is composed of closely associated inner and outer lipid bilayers. The space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes is referred to as the perinuclear space. This space is in contact with the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via connections between the outer nuclear membrane and the ER membranes. The inner and outer nuclear membranes are also connected at thousands of locations via multiprotein complexes that generate pores in the nuclear membrane called nuclear pore complexes. The nuclear pores are through which RNA and proteins are transported. The mitochondrial inner and outer membranes separated by a greater distance than those of the nucleus creating the inner membrane space. The two mitochondrial membranes are also functionally very distinct and subjected to very different transport controls. Whereas the outer mitochondrial membrane is fairly permeable to most small molecules the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable and transport across the membrane in either direction requires highly specific transporter proteins. Composition and Structure of Biological Membranes As indicated above, biological membranes are composed of lipids, proteins. The carbohydrates of membranes are attached either to lipid. Protein concentrations can range from around 2. The lipids making up components of membranes are of three major classes that. For information. on the structures of these different lipid classes see the. Synthesis page, Sphingolipids. Cholesterol page. The hydrocarbon tails of these two classes. The structure of these micelles results from the. This orientation results in what. Lipid. bilayers are essentially two- dimensional fluids and the lipid components of the. The lipid composition of biological membranes exhibits a distinct inner versus outer polarity. For example the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane (also referred to as the inner leaflet) is enriched in the aminophospholipids phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), whereas the exoplasmic side (also referred to as the outer leaflet) is enriched phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin. Lipids in the bilayer can also undergo transverse diffusion (also called a flip- flop) where the lipid diffuses from one surface to the other. However, because the flip- flop requires the polar head group to pass through the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer the process is extremely rare. DM1 (CTG) SCA8 (CTG) SCA10 (ATTCT) ZNF9 protein ZNF9 expression: Most abundant in heart & Skeletal muscle Single stranded DNA-binding Sterol regulatory element.Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder in which copper builds up in the body. Symptoms are typically related to the brain and liver. Liver related symptoms include. Introduction to Biological Membranes. Biological membranes are composed of lipid, protein and carbohydrate that exist in a fluid state. Biological membranes are the. Genetics Caveolin-3 gene mutations General: Most commonly located in scaffolding domain of protein Specific mutations Arg26Gln Caveolin levels reduced 60% to 80%. Submissions from 2014. Amoroso, Jon William (2014) Reactive Probes for Manipulating Polyketide Synthases, and Photoreactive Probes for Strained Alkyne Click Chemistry. Enzymes have been identified that facilitate the flip- flop process and these enzymes (transporter proteins) are referred to as flippases, floppases, and scramblases (phospholipid scramblases, PLSCR). Although flippases and floppases belong to the same family of membrane transporters, flippases are distinguished from floppases by the direction of the catalyzed lipid movement. Flippases are ATP- dependent transporters that catalyze the movement of lipids from the exoplasmic side (outer leaflet) of the membrane to the cytoplasmic side (inner leaflet) while floppases are ATP- dependent transporters that catalyze the reverse reaction. Scramblases are ATP- independent transporters that transport negatively charged phospholipids in either direction across the membrane. Humans express 1. ATPase family of membrane transporters, specifically the ATP8, ATP9, ATP1. ATP1. 1 subfamilies. Humans express five scramblase genes identified as PLSCR1–PLSCR5. Structure of the typical lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Integral proteins are those that pass through the bilayer. Peripheral proteins. Most integral proteins are modified by carbohydrate addition to their extracellular domains. Biological membranes also contain proteins, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins. Glycoproteins and. Protein Modifications pages). Proteins. associated with membranes are of two general types: integral and peripheral. In contrast, peripheral membrane proteins (also. Peripheral membrane proteins are. Proteins that are found associated with membranes can also be modified by. The lipid portion of a lipoprotein anchors the. Lipoproteins. associated with membranes contain one of three types of covalent lipid. The lipids are isoprenoids such as farnesyl and geranylgeranyl. Protein Modifications. GPI (termed glipiated proteins: see the. Glycoproteins page for details). Activities of Biological Membranes Although biological membranes contain various types of lipids and proteins. Carbohydrates, whether attached to lipid or protein, are almost exclusively. The asymmetric distribution of. In addition, there are highly specialized membrane. ER), the Golgi apparatus and. The most important vesicles are those that contain secreted factors. As these proteins transit to the surface of the cell they undergo a. The vesicles that pinch. Golgi apparatus are termed coated vesicles. The. membranes of coated vesicles are surrounded by specialized scaffolding proteins. There are three major. Clathrin- coated. GPI- linked protein and secreted protein transit to the plasma membrane. COPI. (COP: coat protein complex I) forms the surface of. Golgi. compartments and in the process of retrograde transport of proteins back to the ER. COPII forms the surface of vesicles that transfer proteins from. ER to the Golgi apparatus. Clathrin- coated vesicles are also involved in the. LDL receptor binds plasma LDLs. The membrane location of these types of receptors is. In addition, certain cells have membrane. For. instance epithelial cells have a membrane surface that interacts with the lumenal. The membrane surface of cells that interacts with lumenal contents is. The apical and basolateral. Most eukaryotic cells are in contact with their neighboring cells and these interactions. Cells that are touching one another are in. Gap junctions are formed from a. Connexin proteins form complexes in the membrane (called connexons) that generate the channels. Humans express a total of 2. GJA- GJE. A related nomenclature uses the designation CX to reflect the name connexin. For example the GJA1 (gap junction protein alpha 1) gene is also known as the CX4. Tight junctions (also referred to as occluding junctions) are primarily found in the epithelia and endothelia and are designed for occlusion. Tight junctions act as barriers that regulate the movement of solutes and water between various epithelial and endothelial layers. The tight junction serves as a barrier to the paracellular movement of ions and molecules, as well as to the movement of proteins and lipids between the apical and the basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. In addition to forming barrier complexes in the membrane, tight junction proteins also coordinate numerous other signal transduction proteins and intracellular trafficking proteins. At least 4. 0 proteins have been. These proteins are divided into four major categories; scaffolding, regulatory, transmembrane, and signaling. The major transmembrane proteins of tight junctions are the protein occludin (encoded by the OCLN gene), the claudin proteins (2. CLDN), and the junctional adhesion molecules . The major transmembrane proteins of adherens junctions are members of the cadherin family of Ca. The intracellular proteins of an adherens junction are the . Related to the adherens junctions. Given the predominant lipid nature of biological membranes many types of. This is. especially true for charged ions, water and hydrophilic compounds. The barrier. to membrane translocation is overcome by the presence of specialized channels. Although channels and transporters are required to move many. Lipophilic molecules. Although water can diffuse. Transmembrane Protein Classes There are numerous classes of protein that span the membrane of cells, be it the plasma membrane or intracellular organellar membranes. The transmembrane proteins include the various ion channels, other types of channel proteins, transporter proteins, growth factor receptors, and cell adhesion molecules. All transmembrane proteins, regardless of function, are classified dependent upon their structure. There are four main classifications for transmembrane proteins, type I, II, III, and IV. Types I, II, and III are all characterized by passing through the membrane once, referred to as single- pass transmembrane proteins. Type IV transmembrane proteins pass through the membrane several times and, therefore, they are all referred to as multiple- pass transmembrane proteins. Type I transmembrane proteins are anchored to the membrane via a sequence of hydrophobic amino acids referred to as the stop- transfer sequence and this class all have the C- terminus of the protein inside the cell and the N- terminus outside. A typical example of a type I transmembrane protein is the. LDL receptor. Type II transmembrane proteins are anchored to the membrane via a signal- anchor sequence and have the C- terminus outside the cell and the N- terminus inside. An example of a type II transmembrane protein is the. Type III transmembrane proteins do not have a signal sequence and the N- terminus of the protein is outside the cell. An example of a type III transmembrane protein would be any member of the cytochrome P4. Type IV transmembrane proteins are typified by the. G- protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily of receptor proteins that span the membrane seven times. This class of receptor is often referred to as the serpentine receptor family because of the multiple membrane spans. Another example of a type IV transmembrane protein is the . Limb- Girdle Muscular Dystrophies. Desmin variant syndromes: Cardiomyopathies. Myofibrillar myopathy 2 (MFM2). Ann Neurol 1. 99. Current Opinion in Neurology 2. Current Opinion in Neurology 1. Brain 1. 99. 8; 1. Ann Neurol 1. 98. Neuromuscular Disorders 2. AJHG 1. 99. 9; 6. AJHG 1. 99. 9: 6. Human Molecular Genetics 1. Neuromuscular Disorders 1. Acta Neurol Scand 1. Ann Neurol 1. 99. Neurology 1. 99. 9; 5. PNAS 2. 00. 0; 9. Am J Med Genet Part A 1. A: 8. 63. Ann Neurol 1. European Journal of Human Genetics 2. Mar. 15. FASEB J 2. Ann Neurol 2. 00. Europ J Hum Genet 2. 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Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego - 5 Life Changing Lessons. Prevention is better than a cure. So you eat your vegetables, drink eight glasses of water each day, stay away form illicit substances, exercise regularly, drive within the speed limit, pray, and believe the Bible. They encountered evil, but rather than succumb like everyone else around them, they challenged their situation. At first matters only became worse, but in the end they came through smelling like roses. Don't succumb to the weight of it all; find hope in the story of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego. Welcome to Curated Quotes. We collect and curate only the best quotes, and display them in a clutter free, aesthetic list. Join us on Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest. The Power of Forgiveness in Marriage, by Dr. Gary Smalley - Christian Marriage advice and help. Find biblical, helpful Christian resources relating to marriage at. In finance, a foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option or currency option) is a derivative financial instrument that gives the right but not the. Because what you need is a miracle in the fire. In fact, his faith grew stronger, and in this he brought glory to God. He was fully convinced that God is able to do whatever he promises (Romans 4: 2. It would be fair to assume that there are three ingredients in McDonald’s French fries: potatoes, oil, and salt. But if you assumed that you’d be far from correct. SEE ALSO: Hope amid Devastation. When you read the account of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego in Daniel 3, one thing is apparent: they were fully persuaded. Nothing could make them bow to Nebuchadnezzar's statue - no threats, no consequence, no punishment. They were fully persuaded of the promises of God and in their obedience to him (Daniel 3: 1. Even if he doesn't, I will not bow down. Even if he doesn't, I will not bow down. SEE ALSO: Why YOU Are Called to Ministry. God will cause me to prosper.. Even if he doesn't, I will not bow down. Not necessarily. When Nebuchadnezzar heard Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego's words of defiance, he did not back down either. He turned up the pressure. Things got even hotter (Daniel 3: 1. You took a stand for God but things just got worse. You found yourself staring down a fire. A fire like none you've seen. You thought God would save you from the fire. You prayed God would save you from the fire.
But it remains. Because when the devil turns up the heat, God does too. SEE ALSO: The Blazing Fiery Furnace. Promise. But now, thus says the Lord, who created you, O Jacob, And he who formed you, O Israel: “Fear not, for I have redeemed you; I have called you by your name; You are mine. When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; And through the rivers, they shall not overflow you. When you walk through the fire, you shall not be burned, nor shall the flame scorch you” (Isaiah 4. He will bring you through it. When you walk through the fire of cancer, sickness, divorce, financial ruin - you shall not be burned. Fire is deadly - for some. But you will not be truly burned. If you are fully persuaded of the promises of God, you will not be destroyed. You thought God would save you before things went that far. But for you, the miracle is in the fire. Satan has used your situation to keep you living a small and contained life. Chains break in the fire. Whatever the trouble or trial may be, you will have a tangible sense of his presence. Jesus reveals himself in the fire. Watch for deeper revelation and worship experiences in your life. King Nebuchadnezzar saw the goodness and favour of God on their lives and promoted them in his worldly kingdom (Daniel 3: 3. You will experience spiritual promotion, for fire always refines. You may also encounter physical promotion in your job and experience greater favor with those you know. Others will recognize the goodness of God through your faith. The miracle of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego is a miracle for you too. Be fully persuaded. Believe the promise, so when the pressure increases, you receive protection and ultimately promotion. Your miracle is in the fire. I'm Sarah Coleman, an Aussie passionate about Jesus & family. Through blogs and books I minister life and encouragement. Download my FREE e. Book, Be Amazing: You Know You Want To. Find more of my thoughts at sarahcoleman. Publication date: June 3. Columbus Dispatch . Some rights reserved . Columbus OH 4. 32. Privacy Policy ~ Terms Of Service. Start with one of the exclusive new dog owner coupons below. Find a Retailer Nearby. See what stores in your area offer Science Diet. Hill's ® Science Diet. Save up to 25% with these official PetSmart coupons & promotions. Ends July 31, 2017. See Coupons. Up to 22% off a wide variety of pet essentials. And finally, special PetSmart sales on Groupon Coupons will look like this. Newest Petsmart Grooming Coupons, Petsmart Grooming Coupons 2017. Get this Petsmart coupon and more Petsmart grooming coupons 2017 now http. Petsmart Coupons & Promo Codes. 43 verified offers for July, 2017. Coupon Codes /. The vast majority of PetSmart discounts and coupons are valid sitewide. How Your Microbiome Controls Your Health. By Dr. Mercola. The interconnectedness of your gut, brain, immune, and hormonal systems is impossible to unwind. The past few years has brought a scientific flurry of information about how crucial your microflora is to your genetic expression, immune system, body weight and composition, mental health, memory, and minimizing your risk for numerous diseases, from diabetes to cancer. Researcher Jeroen Raes, featured in the TED Talk, discovered that you might even belong to one of a few “microflora types”—which are similar to blood types. This kind of reaction was proof to me that the diet was working. The diet is so clean and healing that it unmasked unknown food sensitivities such as the chocolate. Legal Disclaimer Any use of the letters GAPS in this publication are used solely as an acronym for Gut And Psychology Syndrome. All information published on GAPSdiet. Research into the human microbiome is in its infancy, and there is much we do not yet understand. That said, there are some facts of which we are already certain. It is becoming increasingly clear that destroying your gut flora with pharmaceutical drugs, harsh environmental chemicals, and toxic foods is a primary factor in rising disease rates. Recent research suggests intestinal inflammation may play a critical role in the development of certain cancers. Until we begin to appreciate this complex relationship, we will not be able to prevent or intervene effectively in many of the diseases that are devastating people’s lives today. We're betting you've heard of them, have a vague idea that they're good, and wonder if you should be taking them. Click here to get answers. Everything about beauty, health, weight loss and building muscle in one place. New patients at my center commonly report bouts of laughing or crying for no apparent reason. I often compared my young son with Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) to the. Four Paleo experts - Dr. Loren Cordain, Neely Quinn, Melissa Hartwig and Diane Sanfilippo - share what it means to really 'go Paleo'. From Health Perch. Quinn was diagnosed with Autism around the age of two and yet in a just a few. In order for true healing and meaningful prevention to occur, you must continuously send your body messages that it is safe, not under attack, and that it is well nourished, supported, and calm. This article will focus on exactly how you can send your body these messages and why caring for your personal microbiome is so critical to every aspect of your health. How Can You Feel Lonely with 1. Trillion Constant Companions? The idea that microorganisms are to be “divided and conquered” is now an outdated view of our world. We not only live with them and are surrounded by them, but we depend on them for our very existence. Pamela Weintraub skillfully describes the symbiosis between humans and microorganisms in her June 2. Experience Life magazine. Your body is a complex ecosystem made up of more than 1. This system of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa living on your skin and in your mouth, nose, throat, lungs, gut, and urogenital tract, is referred to as the “human microbiome.” It varies from person to person based on factors such as diet, health history, geographic location, and even ancestry. When your microbiome falls out of balance, you can become ill. Those organisms perform a multitude of functions in key biological systems, from supplying critical vitamins to fighting pathogens, modulating weight and metabolism. This army of organisms also makes up 7. T- cells so that they can tell apart your “friendlies” from dangerous invaders. Your microbiome also helps control how your genes express themselves. So by optimizing your native flora, you are actually controlling your genes. Gut Instincts—Your Second Brain Talking. Your microbiome is closely intertwined with both of your brains—yes, you have TWO! In addition to the brain in your head, embedded in the wall of your gut is your enteric nervous system (ENS), which works both independently of and in conjunction with the brain in your head. According to New Scientist: 2, 3. It is also the original nervous system, emerging in the first vertebrates over 5. Your ENS is thought to be largely responsible for your “gut instincts,” responding to environmental threats and sending information to your brain that affects your well- being. I’m sure you’ve experienced various sensations in your gut that accompany strong emotions such as fear, excitement, and stress. Feeling “butterflies” in your stomach is actually the result of blood being diverted away from your gut to your muscles, as part of the fight or flight response. These gut reactions happen outside of your conscious awareness because they are part of your autonomic nervous system, just like the beating of your heart. Your ENS contains 5. Why so many? If a pathogen should cross the gut lining, immune cells in the gut wall secrete inflammatory substances including histamine, which are detected by neurons in the ENS. The gut brain then either triggers diarrhea or alerts the brain in the head, which may decide to initiate vomiting, or both.”We now know that this communication between your “two brains” runs both ways and is the pathway for how foods affect your mood. For example, fatty foods make you feel good because fatty acids are detected by cell receptors in the lining of your gut, which then send warm and fuzzy nerve signals to your brain. Knowing this, you can begin to understand how not only your physical health but also your mental health is deeply influenced by the health of your gut and the microbial zoo that lives there. Your gut microbes affect your overall brain function, from basic mood swings to the development of serious illnesses like autism, Alzheimer’s disease, and schizophrenia. When It Comes to Inflammation, Your Microbiome Rules. Your gut is the starting point for inflammation—it’s actually the gatekeeper for your inflammatory response. According to Psychoneuroimmunologist Kelly Brogan, your gut’s microorganisms trigger the production of cytokines. Cytokines are involved in regulating your immune system’s response to inflammation and infection. Much like hormones, cytokines are signaling molecules that aid cell- to- cell communication, telling your cells where to go when your inflammatory response is initiated. Most of the signals between your gut and your brain travel along your vagus nerve—about 9. Vagus is Latin for “wandering,” aptly named as this long nerve travels from your skull down through your chest and abdomen, branching to multiple organs. Cytokine messengers produced in your gut cruise up to your brain along the “vagus nerve highway.” Once in your brain, the cytokines tell your microglia (the immune cells in your brain) to perform certain functions, such as producing neurochemicals. Some of these have negative effects on your mitochondria, which can impact energy production and apoptosis (cell death), as well as adversely impacting the very sensitive feedback system that controls your stress hormones, including cortisol. So, this inflammatory response that started in your gut travels to your brain, which then builds on it and sends signals to the rest of your body in a complex feedback loop. It isn’t important that you understand all of the physiology here, but the take- away is that your gut flora’s influence is far from local! It significantly affects and controls the health of your entire body. Your Gut Flora Is Perpetually Under Attack. Your gut bacteria—and therefore your physical and mental health—are continuously affected by your environment, and by your diet and lifestyle choices. If your microbiome is harmed and thrown out of balance (dysbiosis), all sorts of illnesses can result, both acute and chronic. Some of the factors posing the gravest dangers to your microbiome are outlined in the following table. Refined sugar, especially processed high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)Genetically engineered (GE) foods (extremely abundant in processed foods and beverages)Agricultural chemicals, such as herbicides and pesticides. Glyphosate appears to be among the worst. Conventionally- raised meats and other animal products; CAFO animals are routinely fed low- dose antibiotics and GE livestock feed. Gluten. Antibiotics (use only if absolutely necessary, and make sure to reseed your gut with fermented foods and/or a good probiotic supplement)NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs) damage cell membranes and disrupt energy production by mitochondria)Proton pump inhibitors (drugs that block the production of acid in your stomach, typically prescribed for GERD, such as Prilosec, Prevacid, and Nexium)Chlorinated and/or fluoridated water. Stress. Pollution. Obesity, Cancer, Depression, and Others Linked to Dysbiosis. With increasing regularity, modern science is linking more and more illnesses to dysbiosis. I suspect that in time, we will find evidence that dysbiosis contributes to just about EVERY human disease—the implications for your health are that vast. The following is just a handful of examples: 7. Psychiatric Illness: The key to your mental health is in your gut. Probiotics (psychobiotics or “bacteria for your brain”) are being used to successfully treat depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric problems. Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: Scientists have found a specific pattern of intestinal microbes can increase your risk for type 2 diabetes. This pattern can serve as a biomarker for diabetes risk. Obese mice have a much higher proportion of Firmicutes bacteria, while thin mice have a much higher proportion of Bacteroidetes bacteria. Similarly, researchers have also found differences in bacterial strains between overweight and non- overweight people. This enhances the expression of genes involved in immunity. The end result is that breast- fed babies show enhanced resistance to pathogens. Asthma and Sinusitis: Dysbiosis in the respiratory tract may be responsible for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma; with CRS, overgrowth of a single organism, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, is frequently the cause. Out with the Bad.. The best way to optimize your gut flora is through your diet. A gut- healthy diet is one rich in whole, unprocessed, unsweetened foods, along with traditionally fermented or cultured foods. But before these powerful foods can work their magic in your body, you have to eliminate the damaging foods that get in their way. A good place to start is by drastically reducing grains and sugar, and avoiding genetically engineered ingredients, processed foods, and pasteurized foods. Pasteurized foods can harm your good bacteria, and sugar promotes the growth of pathogenic yeast and other fungi (not to mention fueling cancer cells). Grains containing gluten are particularly damaging to your microflora and overall health. Dermnet Rosacea Diet TriggersRosacea is a long-term skin condition that typically affects the face. It results in redness, pimples, swelling, and small and superficial dilated blood vessels. Dermnet is the largest independent photo dermatology source dedicated to online medical education though articles, photos and video. Dermnet provides information on a. Rosacea — Comprehensive overview covers symptoms and treatment of this common skin condition that causes facial redness and pimples. Includes pictures. Dermnet: Dermatology Pictures - Skin Disease Pictures. Psoriasis - Wikipedia. Psoriasis is a long- lasting autoimmune disease which is characterized by patches of abnormal skin. They may vary in severity from small and localized to complete body coverage. It typically presents with red patches with white scales on top. Areas of the body most commonly affected are the back of the forearms, shins, around the navel, and the scalp. Fingernails and toenails are affected in most people at some point in time. This may include pits in the nails or changes in nail color. Symptoms often worsen during winter and with certain medications such as beta blockers or NSAIDs. The underlying mechanism involves the immune system reacting to skin cells. Diagnosis is typically based on the signs and symptoms. However, various treatments can help control the symptoms. These areas are called plaques and are most commonly found on the elbows, knees, scalp, and back. It may be accompanied by severe itching, swelling, and pain. It is often the result of an exacerbation of unstable plaque psoriasis, particularly following the abrupt withdrawal of systemic glucocorticoids. They include pustular, inverse, napkin, guttate, oral, and seborrheic- like forms. The patches frequently affect skin folds, particularly around the genitals (between the thigh and groin), the armpits, in the skin folds of an overweight abdomen (known as panniculus), between the buttocks in the intergluteal cleft, and under the breasts in the inframammary fold. Heat, trauma, and infection are thought to play a role in the development of this atypical form of psoriasis. These numerous spots of psoriasis appear over large areas of the body, primarily the trunk, but also the limbs and scalp. Guttate psoriasis is often triggered by a streptococcal infection, typically streptococcal pharyngitis. When psoriasis involves the oral mucosa (the lining of the mouth), it may be asymptomatic. The microscopic appearance of oral mucosa affected by geographic tongue (migratory stomatitis) is very similar to the appearance of psoriasis. This form of psoriasis typically manifests as red plaques with greasy scales in areas of higher sebum production such as the scalp, forehead, skin folds next to the nose, skin surrounding the mouth, skin on the chest above the sternum, and in skin folds. This can result in a sausage- shaped swelling of the fingers and toes known as dactylitis. Nail psoriasis occurs in 4. These may include Auspitz's sign (pinpoint bleeding when scale is removed), Koebner phenomenon (psoriatic skin lesions induced by trauma to the skin). Identical twin studies suggest a 7. The risk is around 2. Dermnet Rosacea Diet PlanThese findings suggest both a genetic susceptibility and an environmental response in developing psoriasis. Most of the identified genes relate to the immune system, particularly the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T cells. Genetic studies are valuable due to their ability to identify molecular mechanisms and pathways for further study and potential drug targets. They are called psoriasis susceptibility 1 through 9 (PSORS1 through PSORS9). Within those loci are genes on pathways that lead to inflammation. Certain variations (mutations) of those genes are commonly found in psoriasis. Some of these genes express inflammatory signal proteins, which affect cells in the immune system that are also involved in psoriasis. Some of these genes are also involved in other autoimmune diseases. PSORS1 is located on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which controls important immune functions. Cutaneous adverse affects of alcohol. Authoritative facts about the skin from DermNet New Zealand. If you notice blotches or flushing across your cheeks, nose, chin, or forehead, you might have this skin condition. Sometimes, small pimple-like bumps form. Dermnet.com and the Dermnet Skin Disease Atlas are to be used only as a reference. Dermnet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Authoritative facts about the skin from DermNet New Zealand. Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease which is characterized by patches of abnormal skin. These skin patches are typically red, itchy, and scaly. Visit the new Causes of Rosacea section. From Demodex to the innate immune system, learn about research into the potential causes of this chronic disease. Three genes in the PSORS1 locus have a strong association with psoriasis vulgaris: HLA- C variant HLA- Cw. Interleukin- 2. 3 receptor and IL1. B have both been strongly linked with psoriasis. A rare mutation in the gene encoding for the CARD1. Psoriasis in those with HIV/AIDS is often severe and may be untreatable with conventional therapy. They are increased in psoriatic lesions. Targeted immunotherapy as well as psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy can reduce the number of dendritic cells and favors a Th. Th. 1/Th. 17 cell cytokine profile. Skin characteristics typical for psoriasis are scaly, erythematous plaques, papules, or patches of skin that may be painful and itch. Skin from a biopsy will show clubbed epidermal projections that interdigitate with dermis on microscopy. Epidermal thickening is another characteristic histologic finding of psoriasis lesions. Unlike their mature counterparts, these superficial cells keep their nucleus. Epidermal skin tissue affected by psoriatic inflammation often has many CD8+ T cells while a predominance of CD4+ T cells makes up the inflammatory infiltrates of the dermal layer of skin and the joints. Each form has a dedicated ICD- 1. Type 1 has a positive family history, starts before the age of 4. HLA- Cw. 6. Conversely, type 2 does not show a family history, presents after age 4. HLA- Cw. 6. Researchers have proposed differing descriptions of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis; some authors have classified them as autoimmune diseases. Mild psoriasis has been defined as a percentage of body surface area (BSA). The DLQI score ranges from 0 (minimal impairment) to 3. PASI assesses the severity of lesions and the area affected and combines these two factors into a single score from 0 (no disease) to 7. Topical agents are typically used for mild disease, phototherapy for moderate disease, and systemic agents for severe disease. Vitamin D analogues such as paricalcitol were found to be significantly superior to placebo. Combination therapy with vitamin D and a corticosteroid was superior to either treatment alone and vitamin D was found to be superior to coal tar for chronic plaque psoriasis. Emollients have been shown to be even more effective at clearing psoriatic plaques when combined with phototherapy. The emollient salicylic acid is structurally similar to para- aminobenzoic acid (PABA), commonly found in sunscreen, and is known to interfere with phototherapy in psoriasis. Coconut oil, when used as an emollient in psoriasis, has been found to decrease plaque clearance with phototherapy. Ointment and creams containing coal tar, dithranol, corticosteroids (i. The use of the finger tip unit may be helpful in guiding how much topical treatment to use. This is usually done for four weeks with the benefit attributed to sun exposure and specifically UVB light. This is cost- effective and it has been propagated as an effective way to treat psoriasis without medication. The UVB lamps should have a timer that will turn off the lamp when the time ends. The amount of light used is determined by a person's skin type. Indoor tanning resources are almost ubiquitous today and could be considered as a means for patients to get UV exposure when dermatologist provided phototherapy is not available. Indoor tanning is already used by many people as a treatment for psoriasis; one indoor facility reported that 5. However, a concern with the use of commercial tanning is that tanning beds that primarily emit UVA might not effectively treat psoriasis. One study found that plaque psoriasis is responsive to erythemogenic doses of either UVA or UVB, as exposure to either can cause dissipation of psoriatic plaques. It does require more energy to reach erythemogenic dosing with UVA. There are increased risks of melanoma, squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas; younger psoriasis patients, particularly those under age 3. UV light treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) listed tanning beds as carcinogens. A review of studies recommends that people who are susceptible to skin cancers exercise caution when using UV light therapy as a treatment. This type of phototherapy is useful in the treatment of psoriasis because the formation of these dimers interferes with the cell cycle and stops it. The interruption of the cell cycle induced by NBUVB opposes the characteristic rapid division of skin cells seen in psoriasis. The most common short- term side effect of this form of phototherapy is redness of the skin; less common side effects of NBUVB phototherapy are itching and blistering of the treated skin, irritation of the eyes in the form of conjunctival inflammation or inflammation of the cornea, or cold sores due to reactivation of the herpes simplex virus in the skin surrounding the lips. Eye protection is usually given during phototherapy treatments. The mechanism of action of PUVA is unknown, but probably involves activation of psoralen by UVA light, which inhibits the abnormally rapid production of the cells in psoriatic skin. There are multiple mechanisms of action associated with PUVA, including effects on the skin's immune system. PUVA is associated with nausea, headache, fatigue, burning, and itching. Long- term treatment is associated with squamous cell carcinoma (but not with melanoma). The majority of people experience a recurrence of psoriasis after systemic treatment is discontinued. Non- biologic systemic treatments frequently used for psoriasis include methotrexate, ciclosporin, hydroxycarbamide, fumarates such as dimethyl fumarate, and retinoids. These agents are also regarded as first- line treatments for psoriatic erythroderma. Unlike generalised immunosuppressive drug therapies such as methotrexate, biologics target specific aspects of the immune system contributing to psoriasis. European guidelines recommend avoiding biologics if a pregnancy is planned; anti- TNF therapies such as infliximab are not recommended for use in chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus or individuals infected with HIV. Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol) and one recombinant TNF- . Additional monoclonal antibodies, such as ixekizumab. Efalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets the CD1. LFA- 1. Efalizumab was voluntarily withdrawn from the European market in February 2. US market in June 2. Neutralization occurs when an antidrug antibody prevents a monoclonal antibody such as infliximab from binding antigen in a laboratory test.
Amerika Syarikat - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas. United States of America. Ibu negara. Washington, D. C. Bandar terbesar. Bandar Raya New York. Bahasa rasmi. Tiada (di peringkat persekutuan). Bahasa Inggeris merupakan bahasa rasmi di sekurang- kurangnya 2. Bahasa Inggeris merupakan bahasa de facto kerajaan Amerika dan satu- satunya bahasa yang dituturkan oleh 8. Assalamua’laikum. Nak Kuruskan Badan? Inilah 5 Cara Bakar Kalori Dengan Cepat. Bukan setakat nak kuruskan badan, kempiskan perut, kecilkan peha. AS yang berusia lima tahun ke atas. Bahasa Sepanyol ialah bahasa kedua terbesar.^ c. Masih dalam pertikaian adalah sama ada Amerika Syarikat atau Republik Rakyat China lebih besar. Perangkaan yang diberikan adalah dari World Factbook oleh CIA. Sumber lain memberikan perangkaan yang lebih kecil. Semua pengiraan saiz negara yang berwibawa hanya merangkumi 5. Daerah Columbia, bukan wilayah tanggungan.^ d. Anggaran penduduk merangkumi penduduk tetap di mana- mana dalam 5. Daerah Columbia, termasuk bukan warganegara. Tidak termasuk yang tinggal di wilayah tanggungan, berjumlah lebih 4 juta warganegara AS (kebanyakannya di Puerto Rico), atau warganegara AS yang tinggal di luar AS. Amerika Syarikat (tulisan Jawi: . Sebahagian besar negara ini berada di Amerika Utara, di mana 4. WC Anton DM., terletak di antara Lautan Pasifik dan Atlantik, bersempadan dengan Kanada di utara dan Mexico di selatan. Negeri Alaska pula di barat laut benua Amerika Utara, dengan Kanada di timur dan Rusia di seberang Selat Bering di barat. Negeri Hawaii ialah segugusan pulau di tengah- tengah Lautan Pasifik. Negara ini juga memiliki beberapa wilayah di Caribbean dan Pasifik. Dengan keluasan 3. Amerika Syarikat ialah negara ketiga atau keempat terbesar dari segi jumlah keluasan, dan ketiga terbesar dari segi keluasan darat dan jumlah penduduk. Ia merupakan antara bangsa- bangsa yang paling pelbagai etnik dan budaya di dunia, hasil penghijrahan secara besar- besaran dari pelbagai negara. Kependudukan kaum pribumi ini telah banyak berkurangan akibat wabak penyakit dan peperangan selepas bersemuka dengan orang Eropah. Amerika Syarikat ditubuhkan oleh 1. British yang terletak di sepanjang hadap laut Atlantik. Pada 4 Julai 1. 77. Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan yang mengisytiharkan hak mereka untuk menentukan kebebasan diri serta penubuhan sebuah persatuan koperasi. Negeri- negeri pemberontak itu mengalahkan Empayar British dalam Revolusi Amerika, iaitu perang kemerdekaan jajahan pertama yang berjaya. Perakuan Hak yang merangkumi pindaan perlembagaan yang menjamin sebilangan besar hak dan kebebasan awam asasi, diratifikasi pada tahun 1. Pada abad ke- 1. 9, Amerika Syarikat memperoleh tanah dari Perancis, Sepanyol, United Kingdom, Mexico, dan Rusia, serta mengilhakkan. Republik Texas dan Republik Hawaii. Perselisihan antara negeri- negeri Selatan berasas tani dan Utara berasas industri mengenai hak- hak negeri serta peluasan institusi perhambaan mencetuskan Perang Saudara Amerika pada 1. Kemenangan pihak Utara mengelakkan perpecahan negara yang berkekalan serta menjadi penyumbang larangan perhambaan di Amerika Syarikat. Viral, Wanita Ini Hampir Mati Saat Siarkan Makan Lidah Buaya Pesona Baru Masjid Raya Baiturrahman Banda Aceh yang Memukau Tragis, Nasib Laki-Laki Berkulit Kayu. List Yayasan Baby Sitter, PRT, Perawat Orang Sakit/Lansia. List of Yayasan Suster in Indonesia. Update Senin, 20 Februari 2017. List Baby Sitter ini direkomendasikan. Menjelang 1. 87. 0- an, ekonomi negara menjadi yang terbesar di dunia. Ekoran Perang Dunia Kedua, Amerika Syarikat menjadi negara pertama yang memiliki senjata nuklear dan sebuah anggota tetap Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa- Bangsa Bersatu. Selepas berakhirnya Perang Dingin dan pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet, tinggal Amerika Syarikat sahaja sebagai kuasa terbesar. Negara ini memenuhi 4. Semenjak datangnya orang Eropah untuk menduduki benua Amerika, jutaan pribumi Amerika mati akibat wabak penyakit diimport seperti cacar air. Pada 2 April 1. 51. Sepanyol, Juan Ponce de Le. Petempatan Sepanyol di kawasan ini disusuli oleh kawasan barat daya AS yang menarik ribuan dari Mexico. Pedagang bulu Perancis menubuhkan kota kara Perancis Baru di sekitar Tasik- Tasik Besar; lama- kelamaan, Perancis menuntut sebahagian besar pedalaman Amerika Utara, hingga ke Teluk Mexico. Orang Inggeris mula- mula berjaya mendirikan petempatan iaitu Koloni Virginia di Jamestown pada tahun 1. Koloni Plymouth oleh golongan Pilgrim pada tahun 1. Pada tahun 1. 62. Koloni Teluk Massachusetts menerima piagamnya sehingga menarik gelombang penghijrah; pada tahun 1. New England diduduki oleh kira- kira 1. Puritan. Mulai akhir 1. Revolusi Amerika, kira- kira 5. British di Amerika. Ramai lagi penghijrah baru, terutamanya ke kawasan Selatan, merupakan kuli kontrak—kira- kira dua pertiga semua pendatang Virginia dari tahun 1. Ekoran pembahagian Carolina (1. Georgia (1. 73. 2), tertubuhnya 1. British yang bakal membentuk Amerika Syarikat. Kesemua jajahan tersebut ada kerajaan tempatan yang dipilih oleh kebanyakan warga lelaki yang bebas, kuat berpegang pada hak orang Inggeris kuno sambil berkerajaan sendiri, sehingga merangsang semangat republikanisme. Perdagangan hamba Afrika tidak dilarang di kesemua jajahan itu. Oleh sebab kadar kelahiran tinggi, kadar kematian rendah, dan kedatangan penghijrah yang mantap, bilangan penduduk jajahan- jajahan semakin ramai. Pergerakan kebangkitan Kristian pada 1. Kebangkitan Besar memupuk minat terhadap agama dan kebebasan beragama. Dalam Perang Perancis dan Indian, tentera British merampas Kanada dari Perancis, tetapi kawasan penutur bahasa Perancis masih terpencil siasahnya dari jajahan- jajahan selatan. Kesemua 1. 3 jajahan itu diduduki oleh 2. Britain, tidak termasuk kaum pribumi (“Indian”); kira- kira satu perlima penduduk Amerika ini adalah hamba berkulit hitam. Pada 1. 4 Jun 1. 77. Kongres Kebenuaan yang bersidang di bandar Philadelphia, menubuhkan Tentera Kebenuaan yang diketuai oleh George Washington. Atas perisytiharan bahawa . Pada tarikh inilah, Hari Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat disambut setiap tahun. Pada tahun 1. 77. Perkara- Perkara Pergabungan menubuhkan sebuah kerajaan gabungan lemah yang bertahan sehingga tahun 1. Setelah British Matek kepada angkatan Amerika dengan bantuan Perancis, Great Britain akhirnya akur kepada kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat dan kedaulatan negeri- negeri berkenaan atas wilayah Amerika di barat Sungai Mississippi. Sebuah konvensyen perlembagaan diaturkan pada tahun 1. Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat diratifikasi pada tahun 1. Senat dan Dewan Perwakilan sulung republik baru ini, serta presidennya, George Washtafel, menyandang tugas masing- masing pada tahun 1. Perakuan Hak yang melarang sekatan terhadap kebebasan peribadi serta menjamin berbagai- bagai perlindungan undang- undang oleh kerajaan persekutuan, diterima pada tahun 1. Pendirian terhadap perhambaan semakin berubah; terdapat satu fasal dalam Perlembagaan yang mempertahankan perdagangan hamba Afrika sehingga tahun 1. Negeri- negeri Utara mengharamkan amalan perhambaan pada tahun 1. Selatan sahaja sebagai negeri hamba yang mempertahankan . Kebangkitan Besar Kedua yang bermula sekitar tahun 1. Pembelian Louisiana dari wilayah tuntutan Perancis di bawah kepimpinan Presiden Thomas Jefferson pada tahun 1. Perang 1. 81. 2 yang diisytiharkan terhadap Britain atas bermacam- macam ketidakpuasan hati antara kedua- dua pihak, sehingga berakhir dengan seri, mengukuhkan lagi semangat kebangsaan AS. Serangan mendadak tentera AS terhadap Florida berulang- ulang akhirnya memaksa Sepanyol untuk menyerahkan negeri itu dan wilayah Pantai Teluk lain yang dituntutnya pada tahun 1. Peristiwa Jejak Air Mata pada 1. Indian yang merampas tanah yang diduduki oleh orang pribumi. Amerika Syarikat mengilhakkan Republik Texas pada tahun 1. Pada masa yang sama, konsep “Masa Depan Tersurat” (Manifest Destiny) semakin mendapat sambutan hangat. Kemenangan AS dalam perang Mexico memaksa Mexico menyerahkan negeri California dan sebahagian besar kawasan Barat Daya Amerika pada tahun 1. Kerubut Emas California pada tahun 1. Amerika. Sepanjang setengah abad lebih, hampir 4. Amerika disembelih untuk kulit dan dagingnya serta memudahkan peluasan landasan kereta api. Kemerosotan populasi bison ini yang menjadi sumber utama untuk kehidupan kaum Indian dataran, menyebabkan kewujudan budaya pribumi teruk terjejas. Perselisihan antara negeri hamba dan “negeri bebas” memuncak dengan perbalahan mengenai hubungan antara kerajaan negeri dan persekutuan, serta kekecohan gara- gara berleluasanya perhambaan ke negeri- negeri baru. Abraham Lincoln, calon Parti Republikan yang menentang keras perhambaan, dipilih untuk menjadi presiden pada tahun 1. Sebelum beliau sempat mengangkat sumpah, tujuh negeri hamba mengisytiharkan pemisahan dari AS (walaupun dianggap tidak sah di sisi undang- undang oleh kerajaan persekutuan) lalu membentuk Negeri- negeri Gabungan Amerika. Selepas Fort Sumter diserang oleh Gabungan, bermulalah Perang Saudara Amerika dan empat lagi negeri hamba yang menyertai Gabungan itu. Pengisytiharan Pembebasan oleh Lincoln pada tahun 1. Gabungan. Selepas kemenangan Kesatuan pada tahun 1. Perlembagaan AS untuk untuk menjamin kebebasan bagi hampor empat juga orang Amerika Afrika yang diperhambakan selama ini. Peperangan itu dan peleraiannya membawa kepada meningkatnya lagi kuasa persekutuan AS. Namun demikian, peleraian kepada pertikaian pilihanraya presiden 1. Kompromi 1. 87. 7 menamatkan proses Pembinaan Semula; disusuli oleh undang- undang Jim Crow yang melucutkan hak mengundi kaum Afrika. Di Utara, proses pembandaran dan kemasukan penghijrah beramai- ramai dari Eropah Selatan dan Timur mempercepat pengindustrian negara ini. Gelombang penghijrahan yang berkekalan hingga tahun 1. Amerika. Pembangunan prasarana negara mendorong lagi pembangunan ekonomi. Pembelian Alaska dari Rusia pada tahun 1. Pembunuhan beramai- ramai Wounded Knee pada tahun 1. Perang Indian. Pada tahun 1. Kerajaan Hawaii di Lautan Pasifik, digulingkan oleh rampasan kuasa yang diterajui oleh penduduk Amerika; AS mengilhakkan kepulauan tersebut pada tahun 1. Pada tahun yang sama, kemenangan perang terhadap Sepanyol menunjukkan bahawa AS merupakan sebuah kuasa dunia sambil membolehkan negara itu mengilhakkan Puerto Rico, Guam, dan Filipina. Ramai warga Amerika bersimpati dengan British dan Perancis, tetapi ramai juga yang tidak setuju AS campur tangan. Flying squirrel is a type of squirrel best known for its ability to "fly". There are about 50 different species of flying squirrel that can be found all around the. Please welcome guest writer and in store Groomer, Nicole Lutz from That Groom Room, to the Petblog! Here in That Groom Room, we often get a lot of questions regarding. Pet squirrel that foiled Idaho burglary returns to wild. A pet squirrel that gained fame by thwarting a home burglary in Idaho has returned to the wild. Adam Pearl says Joey who gained fame as a crime- fighter might be more of the lover type. He climbed onto his shoulder for an affectionate goodbye earlier this month, then scampered up a backyard apple tree at his Meridian home and hasn't been seen since.'If I had to guess, he found a girlfriend and they're off doing their squirrel thing,' said Adam Pearl, who raised Joey in his home for about 1. Scroll down for video Adam Pearl with his pet squirrel Joey. The rodent climbed onto his shoulder for an affectionate goodbye earlier in June, then scampered up a backyard tree and hasn't been seen since. Last February, Adam, came home to his cheerful pet squirrel Joey but it seemed as though someone had been in the house beforehand. Adam says Joey was so young he still had his eyes closed when friends found him on the ground late last summer after he fell out of his nest. Adam and his wife, Carmen, took Joey in and raised him. He believes Joey likely found a girlfriend and that's why he left home. A University of Idaho scientist said that's probably right for Joey.'For a lot of mammals, behavior changes once spring comes,' said Janet Rachlow, a professor at the school's Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences. Joey made headlines in February after police went to Pearl's home to investigate the burglary and Joey introduced himself. A few hours later, police nabbed a teen burglary suspect with items from Pearl's home and scratches on his hands. Adam noticed there were some open doors in his home that he normally kept closed. The teen told police a squirrel at one home came flying out of nowhere and kept attacking him until he left. Joey went nuts and scared off the burglar who was robbing Adam and Carmen's home. Adam only realized something was amiss when he came home and saw that things were out of place and missing. Doors that would normally be closed, were wide open. He said he knew for sure that someone had been in his house when he saw the area around his gun safe had scratches on it.'I started looking at it and saw the scratches that are around the locking area and at that point I knew somebody was definitely in here messing around,' explained Adam to KIVI at the time. The role Joey the pet squirrel played only became apparent after he called police to report the burglary and officer Ashley Turner went to investigate.'During her investigations Joey had run in the bedroom just screwing around like he always does between her legs and kind of startled her,' explained Adam. On this occasion, it was a burglar who had broken into the house. When a police officer came round they also got to meet Joey who was feasting on some nuts. Officer Turner then asked Adam if Joey would bite. He is a pain in the butt, but he is great.'Now, with Joey's departure, it looks like the couple may have to get a burglar alarm or perhaps a dog, instead. Scratches were found along the gun safe that Adam kept in his back bedroom. Like many famous crime fighters, Joey had a rough start in life. He was abandoned after falling out of his nest not long after being born and would have died if Adam Pearl and his wife, Carmen, hadn't taken him in.'His eyes weren't even open,' Adam said. Joey thrived, and soon had the run of the house, using a litterbox and learning to scavenge from bowls of nuts.'I wanted him to be able to fend for himself,' Adam Pearl said. Joey did just that, delighting the family with his antics.'He'd let anybody pet him when he was in the house,' Pearl said. Right after that is when he started getting aggressive.'In this August 2. Adam Pearl's pet squirrel Joey is fed in Meridian, Idaho. Joey was so young he still had his eyes closed when friends found him on the ground late in the summer of 2. About a month ago, Pearl made the decision to leave a sliding door open after Joey seemed extra rambunctious. Joey eventually ventured out, played with wild squirrels during the day and returned to his bed inside at night. On June 4, he climbed on Adam's shoulder, where he stayed for several minutes getting his ears scratched before disappearing in the apple tree.'I think that was his goodbye, looking back on it,' Adam Pearl said. Rachlow said Joey might have a little bit of culture shock assimilating into squirrel life, but will likely succeed. Adam Pearl said Joey liked to chew on items in the house, so there's also relief in being an empty- nester.'Hopefully, he doesn't bring any little Joeys into the house,' he said. Squirrel Care The content in this section on Squirrel Care pertains to tree squirrels, not ground or flying squirrels. It's not all-inclusive and excludes information. Found an baby squirrel? Get help locating a wildlife rehabilitator to care for the baby squirrel you have found. Baby squirrel pictures will help determine the age of. Animal Jokes and humor about pets, creatures, dogs, cats, mice, frogs, tigers, wildlife, and much more! For more animal jokes, also check out the animal jokes for. Contents determining the species of squirrel is this squirrel truly orphaned? Patent WO2. 01. 40. A2 - Insulin derivatives for diabetes treatment INSULIN DERIVATIVES FOR DIABETES TREATMENT CROSS- REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSThis application claims priority under to U. S. Provisional Application No. December 1. 2, 2. San Jose California Family Physician Doctors physician directory - Prevention of diabetes type 2 can be accomplished through healthy lifestyle changes like diet. Imagine a global collaborative knowledge base for. Ramsey, B.W., Dorkin, H.L., Eisenberg, J. A high carbohydrate leguminous fibre diet improves all aspects. To review studies on diabetic bladder dysfunction. U. S. Provisional Application No. December 1. 2, 2. U. S. Provisional Application No. December 1. 2, 2. Application No. 6. December 1. 2, 2. Ivan Deray Frantz, M.D. Diet; Disease Models. Pregnancy in Diabetics; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Premature Birth;. The Dukan Diet is a high protein, low fat, low carb diet. Application No. 6. December 1. 2, 2. Application No. 6. December 1. 2, 2. In normal individuals, insulin is secreted basally, usually in the range of 0. Responsive to the rise in blood glucose levels following a meal, the pancreas secretes a bolus of insulin, which returns blood glucose to normal levels by stimulating the uptake of glucose into cells and signaling the liver to reduce glucose production. There are normally two phases of insulin release in response to a meal. The early phase (responsible for shutting down hepatic glucose production) is a spike of insulin release that occurs within 2- 1. The late phase release extends about 2 hours. Between meals the liver breaks down glycogen stores to provide glucose to the brain and other tissues. In diabetics, the effectiveness of the first- phase response is decreased or absent, leading to elevated postprandial glucose levels. Diabetes is a major public health problem affecting 2. Wild, et al, Diabetes Care, 2. The malfunction of glucose regulation arises from (1) insufficient secretion of insulin due to autoimmune- mediated destruction of pancreatic ficelle (type 1 diabetes) or (2) disorders of both insulin resistance and secretion (type 2 diabetes) (Pickup, et al, Diabetes Metab. Rev., 2. 4: 6. 04- 6. Stumvoll, et al. Lancet, 3. Kahn, Diabetes 4. However, such self- administration is painful and requires an indispensable commitment of patients. More importantly, this treatment, known as open- loop insulin delivery, does not maintain normoglycemia due to highly dynamic blood glucose concentrations (Jeandidier, et al, Adv. Rev., 5. 5: 1. 79- 1. Owens, et al, Nat. Drug Discov., 1 : 5. Lack of tight control over glucose concentrations closer to the normal level accounts for many chronic complications such as limb amputation, blindness and kidney failure and can result in fatal hypoglycemia (N Engl J Med., 3. Therefore, a pancreas- like, synthetic closed- loop device able to continuously and intelligently release insulin in response to blood glucose levels is highly desirable (Kumareswaran, et al. Devices, 6: 4. 01- 4. Ravaine, et al, J. Control Release, 1. To date, a number of glucose- responsive formulations and devices have been explored, mainly derived from three categories: (1) glucose oxidase (GOx) based enzymatic reaction- induced response systems; (2) binding lectin protein Concanavalin A (Con A) based response systems, and (3) phenylboronic acid (PBA) based synthetic glucose- binding systems (Ravaine, et al, J. Control Release 1. For comparison, native insulin, which forms hexamers when formulated with zinc, has an onset time of 3. Fast acting formulations have been developed, such as Insulin Lispro where the B2. B2. 8 proline residue have been switched, in order to prevent hexamer formation and improve uptake. Lispro has a reduced onset time of just 5- 1. Long acting formulations, such as Insulin Detemir where a saturated fourteen- carbon alkyl segment is covalently attached to the amine side- chain of lysine B2. As a result, Insulin Detemir has an onset of action at 1- 2 hours, with peak action at 6- 8 hours and duration lasting up to 2. Long acting insulin, in particular, is useful as a daily injection to supplement basal insulin levels and prevent spikes in blood glucose levels throughout the day. PBA and its derivatives form complexes with polyol molecules such as glucose and fructose, and can form complexes with polyols and diols. The ability of PBA to bind polyols and diols has been exploited in different ways to provide a glucose binding insulin delivery system. Some researchers have directly coupled a PBA moiety to insulin, to provide glucose binding insulin. For example, U. S. Publication No. 2. Hoeg- Johnson, et al, discloses an insulin delivery system made of insulin derivatives with a built in glucose sensor, such as an aryl boronate moiety. For PBA systems, the challenge remains to design devices that function in response to glucose under physiological conditions. The insulin derivatives bind serum albumin or agglomerate in vivo. The insulin derivatives effectively dissociate to release insulin under hyperglycemic conditions, where the complexation of glucose to a glucose- sensing element alters properties of the insulin derivative leading to the dissociation. The compounds, compositions, and methods provide a delivery strategy for both self- regulated and long- term diabetes management. Other therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic agents can be included or substituted for delivery. For example, derivatives of glucagon, GLP- 1, or a GLP- 1 agonist can be used. In some embodiments, the component containing the glucose binding component includes a hydrophobic group. For example, the derivatized insulin can include one or more phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups, a hydrophobic group, and insulin or an insulin analog. The hydrophobic group can be covalently linked to the insulin or insulin analog and the PBA groups can be covalently linked to the hydrophobic group, the insulin or insulin analog, or both. In some embodiments, the insulin or insulin analog can form insulin hexamers and the derivatized insulin can bind to serum albumin in inverse proportion to glucose levels. For example, the insulin derivative can bind to. The lipid is derivatized with a PBA group. For example, in the formula above X2 can be - CO- alkylene- Pv. CO- alkenyl- Rg, where R9 is a phenylboronic acid. The alkylene or alkenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The number of carbons in the alkylene or alkenyl group can vary. In some embodiments, the number of carbons is from about 3 to about 2. In some embodiments, the number of carbons is 1. The bile acid is derivatized with one or more PBA groups. For example, in the formula above X2 can be - CO- R1. R1. 3 is a bile acid and one or more hydroxyls on the bile acid are derivatized with a phenylboronic acid group. In some embodiments, the bile acid is cholic acid, lithocholic acid, hyocholic acid, deoxyxholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, or chenodeoxycholic acid. The pseudolysine- containing group is derivatized with a PBA group. For example, in the formula above X2 can be - CO- (CH2)r- NH- CO- CHRi. NH- CO- (CH2)s, where r is an integer from 3- 2. R1. 4 is an amine- containing group comprising a phenylboronic acid group. In some embodiments, r is 3, 5, or 1. In some embodiments, r and s together total to an integer from 1. The linker is derivatized with a PBA group. The functional group is selected from a variety of functional groups such that agglomeration of the insulin is glucose- responsive. For example, in the formula. X2 can be - CO- (CH2)j- NH- CO- CRi. R2, where j is an integer from 3- 2. Ri is - NH- R1. 2 or - NH- CO- CH2- CH2- CNRi. R3. 2, where R3. 2 is glucamine, gluconic acid, glucosamine, fructosamine, galactosamine, mannosamine, or other hexosamines; Ri. S0. 2alkyl, - S0. S0. 2heterocycloalkyl, - S0. S0. 2heteroaryl, - COalkyl, - COcycloalkyl, - COheterocycloalkyl, - COaryl, - COheteroaryl, - CONHalkyl, - CONHcycloalkyl, - CONHheterocycloalkyl, - CONHaryl, - CONHheteroaryl, where alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are substituted or unsubstituted; R2 is - (CH2)n- Rn, where n is an integer from 3- 2. Rn is a phenylboronic acid group. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, Ri. At least one of the side chains is modified with a PBA group. For example, in the formula above X2 can be an oligomer of 2 to 5 monomer residues, where the monomers comprise single modified side chains, dual modified side chains, or combinations thereof. The side chains are modified with a phenylboronic acid group, hydrophobic residues, hydrophilic residues, charged residues, diol residues, fluorescent residues, and combinations thereof, where at least one of the side chains is modified with phenylboronic acid. In some embodiments, R5 is a phenylboronic acid group, C8- i. CH2- phenyl, - (CH2- CH2- 0)p- H or - (CH2- CH2- 0)p- CH3, wherein p is an integer from 1- 5. CH2- dioxane, - CH2- CH2- oxazane, - CH2- CH2- N(CH2- CH3)2, - CH2- CH2- pyrazole, a fluorescent group, - piperidine- phenyl, - piperidine- oxazane, - piperidine- CH2- CH2- N(CH2- CH3)2, - piperidine- CH2- CH2- pyrazole, - dimethylaminobenzyl, or - pyridine. At least one R5 is a phenylboronic acid group. The diol- containing group is complexed with a PBA group. For example, in the formula above X2 can be - CO- R6- R7, where R6 is a linker or is not present and R7 is a diol- containing group complexed to a hydrophobic phenylboronic acid (PBA) group. The diol- containing group includes one or more diols. The hydrophobic PBA group includes one or more PBA groups covalently linked to a hydrophobic group. At least on diol and one hydrophobic PBA group form a boronic ester. In some embodiments, the diol- containing group is 6- methyl- 6- deoxy- D- galactose, l- deoxy- P- D- lactopyranoside, a- D- Mannopyranosyl, or adenosine. In some embodiments, R6 is - CO- (CH2)h- R3i- , where h is an integer from 3- 2. R3. 1 is O- triazole- or CO- NH- CH2- CO- dibenzo- cyclocta- triazole- . In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is - (CH2)k- CH3, where k is an integer from 3- 2. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is a bile acid. In some embodiments, k is 1. Examples of reversible glucose sensors include organic borates, such aryl boronates or other borates. In preferred embodiments, the glucose binding component is a PBA group. In some embodiments, the PBA group is: where Ri. NH, NR2. 9, or is not present; Ri. CH2, CO, S0. 2, or is not present; Ri. R1. 9, R2o, R2. 1, and R2. B(OH)2, - F, - N0. CN, - H, or not present, where one and only one of Rig, R1. R2. 0, R2. 1, and R2. New Music Videos, Reality TV Shows, Celebrity News, Pop Culture. The Bikini Question - Made in His Image. Photo Credit: Rey Swimwear By Rachel Clark ! I think we can all agree that the majority of girls wear bikinis at any place involving water. However, I don’t. Most of my friends think I shy away from bikinis for the wrong reasons. They either think I am insecure, am forced away from bikinis like the plague, or have some weird hatred for skimpy swimwear. All of those reasons are wrong. First off, I’m not insecure about my body. Secondly, no one is forcing me to do anything, I am independent in my swimwear choices. Lastly, I don’t hate 2- piece swimsuits. I think some of them are really cute. I really like the vintage bikinis in style now, so retro! And I’ll share a dirty secret, I really like the nautical inspired, strapless bikinis. If there is one style I love, it’s nautical. But wait, you say, I thought you don’t wear bikinis? You’re absolutely right, I don’t. Then why am I telling you all of this? Because I want girls to know that dressing modestly is a SACRIFICE. Sometimes you’d rather wear something else. I would like to wear a bikini at the beach, I think they’re cute. NEW from the author of Burn the Fat, Feed the Muscle: The Burn the Fat Online Body Transformation System. I also find all the extra fabric of tankinis annoying when trying to swim. And lastly, more material on swimwear = more $$$. So why don’t you just wear a bikini, you ask? Because I am making a sacrifice for the guys around me. I’ve heard the excuse, Guys just have an imagination, it’s not a girl’s problem. Frankly, I think that’s stupid. Part of it is our problem. The way we dress impacts those around us, especially guys. I don’t really want a guy to look at me and notice me for my butt, upper thighs, or chest. I’d rather him notice my smile or God- loving personality. Well sure, you say, that’s all fine and good, but guys should be able to control their imagination and look beyond our bodies. That’s true, they should control it. But it’s important for girls to help them as they try and do so. Let’s try and put ourselves in a guy’s shoes. I think we can all agree that as girls, exercise is important to us. We want to stay healthy and are often working on getting fit. We work out and stay away from carbs or sweets. We use all of our willpower to not eat the chocolate cake on the counter! Now, let’s pretend that someone picked up that chocolate cake and followed us around all the time, 2. We can never get away from the chocolate, it’s always right there, tempting us and even smelling all ooey gooey and chocolate- y. Most of us, myself included, would find it easy to break down and eat the cake. And we would probably continue to break down and eat cake, because it would always be there. Our exercise goals would be long gone in no time. This is how I imagine it is for guys. Girls are walking around all the time with barely any clothes on at the beach or pool! Guys can never get a break from it, even if they’re trying to see past all the bodies to find the smiles and personalities within the girls. So really, how hard is it to not wear a bikini? If you’re like me, it might be a little disappointing. But honestly, a little disappointment and a little extra cash aren’t that hard to swallow. Especially when such things are to fulfill a God given responsibility. In his Theology of the Body, soon to be Saint John Paul II said, God has assigned as a duty to every man the dignity of every woman. He also assigns to every woman the dignity of every man. Let’s make a commitment this summer to ditch the skimpy swimsuits, earn self respect, and help our brothers in Christ. P. S. You are enough. Eas Fat Burning Supplements 10 Day Detox Diet Before And After Juice Detox Palm Harbor Bikini Detox Diet Socal Cleanse Organic Detox Tea Finally remember thing that. What does Almased have over other meal replacements? Almased review into cost, taste, ingredients & side effects. Reviews and comments. Welcome to my blog, Runs for Cookies. I'm a 34-year old wife and a stay-at-home mom to two boys. My kids are both in school now, but I because I. Sure there is cardio benefit from more intensive work. But more intensive aerobic work causes specific adaptations, which makes it inevitable the rise of the load to. Bikini Diet Versus Figure Diet 6Bikini Diet Versus Figure Diet 4Best- Known Theories of Child Development. Child development theories focus on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood. Such theories center on various aspects of development including social, emotional and cognitive growth. The study of human development is a rich and varied subject. We all have personal experience with development, but it is sometimes difficult to understand how and why people grow, learn, and act as they do. Why do children behave in certain ways? Is their behavior related to their age, family relationships, or individual temperament? Is and in to a was not you i of it the be he his but for are this that by on at they with which she or from had we will have an what been one if would who has her. Doctor's Note. This is the same prestigious research team that wrote the landmark review on which I based my videos Egg Cholesterol in the Diet, and Avoiding. PANCREATITIS OVERVIEW. The pancreas is an organ in the abdomen. It is responsible for producing digestive juices and certain hormones, including insulin, which is. Rheumatoid arthritis treatment includes medications that slow the progression of joint damage from rheumatoid arthritis. These drugs are called disease-modifying. Developmental psychologists strive to answer such questions as well as to understand, explain, and predict behaviors that occur throughout the lifespan. In order to understand human development, a number of different theories of child development have arisen to explain various aspects of human growth. Child Development Theories: A Background. Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth and learning. But why do we study development? What can we learn from psychological theories of development? If you have ever wondered about what motivates human thought and behavior, understanding these theories can provide useful insight into individuals and society.
Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of human history. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth that occur during childhood and adolescence. Interest in the field of child development finally began to emerge early in the 2. Eventually, researchers became increasingly interested in other topics including typical child development as well as the influences on development. Why is it important to study how children grow, learn and change? An understanding of child development is essential because it allows us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach. Nursing and Collaborative Management. Treatment goals are to lower BP to less than 140 mm Hg systolic and less than 90 mm Hg diastolic for most persons with. Others are known as mini- theories; they instead focus only on a fairly limited aspect of development such as cognitive or social growth. The following are just a few of the many child development theories that have been proposed by theorists and researchers. More recent theories outline the developmental stages of children and identify the typical ages at which these growth milestones occur. Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory. Psychoanalytic theory originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. Through his clinical work with patients suffering from mental illness, Freud came to believe that childhood experiences and unconscious desires influenced behavior. According to Freud, conflicts that occur during each of these stages can have a lifelong influence on personality and behavior. Freud proposed one of the best- known grand theories of child development. According to Freud’s psychosexual theory, child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body. During each stage, the child encounters conflicts that play a significant role in the course of development. His theory suggested that the energy of the libido was focused on different erogenous zones at specific stages. Failure to progress through a stage can result in a fixation at that point in development, which Freud believed could have an influence on adult behavior. So what happens as children complete each stage? And what might result if a child does poorly during a particular point in development? Successfully completing each stage leads to the development of a healthy adult personality. Failing to resolve the conflicts of a particular stage can result in fixations that can then have an influence on adult behavior. While some other child development theories suggest that personality continues to change and grow over the entire lifetime, Freud believed that it was early experiences that played the greatest role in shaping development. According to Freud, personality is largely set in stone by the age of five. Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory. Psychoanalytic theory was an enormously influential force during the first half of the twentieth century. Those inspired and influenced by Freud went on to expand upon Freud's ideas and develop theories of their own. Of these neo- Freudians, Erik Erikson's ideas have become perhaps the best known. Erikson's eight- stage theory of psychosocial development describes growth and change throughout life, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that arise during different stages of development. While Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development shared some similarities with Freud's, it is dramatically different in many ways. Rather than focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, Erikson believed that social interaction and experience played decisive roles. His eight- stage theory of human development described this process from infancy through death. During each stage, people are faced with a developmental conflict that impacts later functioning and further growth. Unlike many other developmental theories, Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory focuses on development across the entire lifespan. At each stage, children and adults face a developmental crisis that serves as a major turning point. Successfully managing the challenges of each stage leads to the emergence of a lifelong psychological virtue. Behavioral Child Development Theories. During the first half of the twentieth century, a new school of thought known as behaviorism rose to become a dominant force within psychology. Behaviorists believed that psychology needed to focus only on observable and quantifiable behaviors in order to become a more scientific discipline. According to the behavioral perspective, all human behavior can be described in terms of environmental influences. Some behaviorists, such as John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner, insisted that learning occurs purely through processes of association and reinforcement. Behavioral theories of child development focus on how environmental interaction influences behavior and are based on the theories of theorists such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. These theories deal only with observable behaviors. Development is considered a reaction to rewards, punishments, stimuli and reinforcement. This theory differs considerably from other child development theories because it gives no consideration to internal thoughts or feelings. Instead, it focuses purely on how experience shapes who we are. Two important types of learning that emerged from this approach to development are that classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves learning by pairing a naturally occurring stimulus with a previously neutral stimulus. Operant conditioning utilizes reinforcement and punishment to modify behaviors. Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory. Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a person's thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world. Piaget proposed an idea that seems obvious now, but helped revolutionize how we think about child development: Children think differently than adults. Theorist Jean Piaget proposed one of the most influential theories of cognitive development. His cognitive theory seeks to describe and explain the development of thought processes and mental states. It also looks at how these thought processes influence the way we understand and interact with the world. Piaget then proposed a theory of cognitive development to account for the steps and sequence of children's intellectual development. The Sensorimotor Stage: A period of time between birth and age two during which an infant's knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities. Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli. The Preoperational Stage: A period between ages 2 and 6 during which a child learns to use language. During this stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information and are unable to take the point of view of other people. The Concrete Operational Stage: A period between ages 7 and 1. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. The Formal Operational Stage: A period between age 1. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage. Bowlby's Attachment Theory. There is a great deal of research on the social development of children. John Bowbly proposed one of the earliest theories of social development. Bowlby believed that early relationships with caregivers play a major role in child development and continue to influence social relationships throughout life. Bowlby's attachment theory suggested that children are born with an innate need to form attachments. Such attachments aid in survival by ensuring that the child receives care and protection. Not only that, but these attachments are characterized by clear behavioral and motivational patterns. In other words, both children and caregivers engage in behaviors designed to ensure proximity. Children strive to stay close and connected to their caregivers who in turn provide safe haven and a secure base for exploration. Researchers have also expanded upon Bowlby's original work and have suggested that a number of different attachment styles exist. Children who receive consistent support and care are more likely to develop a secure attachment style, while those who receive less reliable care may develop an ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized style. Bandura's Social Learning Theory. |
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